Daniil Borisovich El'konin formulated a comprehensive periodization of child development during the Soviet era, emphasizing the pivotal role of leading activities in shaping each developmental stage. Unlike mere quantitative changes, these leading activities drive qualitative transformations essential for growth.
Infancy (0-1 year)
During this initial stage, direct emotional communication with close adults serves as the leading activity. This goes beyond mere care to encompass emotional bonding crucial for healthy development. The absence of such interaction, as evidenced by the effect of hospitalism, can significantly hinder both mental and physical progress.
Early Childhood (1-3 years)
At this stage, children begin to explore object manipulation, marking their transition from purely emotional interactions to physical engagement with their environment. The emergence of negativism or obstinacy reflects their early attempts to internalize and challenge social norms.
Preschool Age (3 years to school entry)
Characterized by imaginative play, this period sees children engaging in story-role games that mirror societal values. Through play, they not only absorb adult roles and values but also refine social skills and self-regulation within structured game rules.
Early School Age (6-7 years)
Entering formal education, children eagerly embrace their newfound rights and responsibilities. This stage marks the consolidation of readiness for school, developed during preschool years through role-play activities that introduce them to societal norms.
Middle School Age (8-11 years)
This phase introduces intimate personal communication with peers, coinciding with biochemical and psychological changes of adolescence. The development of egocentrism, where children perceive the world from their subjective viewpoint, underscores their struggle to define personal values amid peer influences.
High School (12-18 years)
The final developmental stage involves preparing for adulthood through academic and vocational pursuits. Adolescents navigate complex choices influenced by educational environments and adult role models, shaping their future careers and identities.
Understanding these periods not only illuminates the critical developmental milestones in a child's journey but also underscores the importance of supportive adult guidance in nurturing each stage effectively.